What Does Trauma Do to the Brain? An Expert Psychotherapist Explains
The impacts of trauma on the brain and overall well-being cannot be overstated. As an experienced psychotherapist practicing in Hermosa Beach and Los Angeles, I've witnessed firsthand how trauma can profoundly reshape the minds and lives of those who've experienced it. In this comprehensive guide, I'll explore how the brain deals with trauma and trauma's impact on the brain.
Trauma's impact on the brain comes in many forms - physical, emotional, and psychological. Major incidents like accidents, abuse, violence, or catastrophic events can inflict trauma. But even cumulative stresses and adversities faced in childhood can be deeply traumatizing. Most clients don’t realize that trauma comes in many forms, not just “big trauma” like being held at gunpoint, sexual assault, or surviving a natural disaster. So, when they come to my office, they are surprised that a difficult childhood can have as large of an impact as a “big trauma.” Regardless of the source, trauma overwhelms the brain's ability to cope and process the experience.
One patient, "Nancy," endured years of emotional neglect as a child. Her well-meaning parents were too busy to take care of her and thought criticism would help their daughter become a better, more adjusted person. Though her trauma wasn't physical, the sustained lack of affection and attunement rewired her brain, making her hypersensitive to criticism and constantly bracing for rejection as an adult.
The Brain Under Siege
When someone experiences trauma, primitive brain regions like the amygdala (which controls fear and emotion) become hyper-activated. Simultaneously, the brain's frontal lobe goes "offline." This neurological hijacking initiates a toxic stress response - the trauma response in the brain.
In the throes of trauma, the brain shunts blood away from the frontal lobe toward the threat-detection centers like the amygdala. This allows the body to rapidly respond to danger. However, it sabotages rational thinking, emotional regulation, and memory processing. In this state, we are in the “fight, flight, or freeze” state.
The Residual Impacts Trauma leaves marks on the brain's structure and functioning – even after the danger has passed. How does trauma affect the brain long-term?
A former client, a combat veteran, constantly relived his trauma through intrusive thoughts and nightmares, classic symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). His overtaxed amygdala kept his brain in a perpetual state of fear.
Some common effects include:
Hypervigilance and anxiety
Emotional dysregulation
Memory issues
Sleep/concentration problems
Negative thought patterns
Addictive behaviors
Structurally, trauma can shrink the hippocampus while enlarging the amygdala and impairing brain connectivity.
The Trauma-Sensitive Approach
Our role is to understand how trauma has neurologically impacted each client. Adopting a trauma-informed lens guides rapport-building, case conceptualization, and treatment structure.
One young client sought therapy for debilitating panic attacks. While conducting her intake, I learned she had been violently mugged months earlier. Her amygdala was still stuck in overdrive from her traumatic experience, sounding perpetual "fire alarms" that her body internalized as panic.
We become advocates, allowing clients to regain equilibrium. Strategies like mindfulness, cognitive restructuring, and trauma processing are neurologically-informed techniques. Moreover, a compassionate, non-pathologizing perspective is crucial.
Unlocking Brain’s Resilience
“ The brain possesses plasticity – the ability to reorganize itself. With treatment and self-care, it’s possible to leverage neuroplasticity to reverse trauma’s impacts.”
Despite repeated trauma, I've seen clients gradually reclaim their cognitive functioning and inner peace through our work. One former client was eventually able to pursue her dream career after years of feeling derailed by her PTSD from childhood abuse. It does take commitment and courage to recover from trauma, and finding the right therapist who is attuned and a good match helps a lot.
Through therapy, those with trauma can reshape neural pathways. We reinforce new perspectives their brain internalizes. Self-care like sleep, nutrition, and exercise aid recovery. The therapeutic work also allows the “grip of trauma” to relax, so that individuals can start to trust in themselves, in others, and the world again.
Additional Resources on Trauma and the Brain
Brain & Behavior Research Foundation - Trauma and the Brain https://www.bbrfoundation.org/article-quarterly/trauma-and-brain
American Psychological Association - Trauma's Impact on the Brain https://www.apa.org/topics/trauma-brain
National Center for PTSD - How Trauma Affects the Brain https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/how_trauma_affects_the_brain.asp
Though trauma profoundly impacts the brain, you have the innate capacity to rewire it for healing. We specialize in trauma recovery at Lisa Chen & Associates. Contact us to begin your journey. With compassion and commitment, we can transform how trauma has shaped your brain and your life.
